Functions

FUNCTIONS

تجدون هنا لائحة بكل التي يجب معرفتها و الجمل التي تعبر عنها
يكون التمرين على شكل جمل يجب مطابقتها مع الوظيفة التي تعبر عنها

                                              

FUNCTIONS

Asking for advice	Giving advice
What should I do? What do you advise me to do? What ought I to do? Do you think I should …? Would you advise me to …?	I think you should (not) …. I’d advise you (not) to … You ought (not) to … You’d better (not) …

Complaining	Apologising
I’m sorry to have to say this but … I hate to mention this, but … I’m sorry to bother you , but … I’m afraid I have a complaint.	I’m awfully/terribly/so sorry. I didn’t mean to. I really don’t know what to say. I apologise; I didn’t do it on purpose.

Asking for opinions	Giving opinions
What do you think about …? Do you really think/believe that …? Don’t you think that …?	I think/believe (that) … In my opinion, … In my view, … As I see it, …

Agreeing	Disagreeing
I entirely agree. I couldn’t agree more. That’s a good point. You’re absolutely right.	I’m not sure I quite agree. I’m afraid I don’t agree. I see what you mean, but … I don’t think so.

Making requests	Accepting	Refusing
Can you … please? Will you … please? Would you mind …ing? Could you possibly …? I would be grateful if you could … I wonder if you could …	Sure/Certainly. Of course. With pleasure By all means.	I’m sorry I can’t. I’m afraid I can’t. I’d love to, but …

Responding to good news	Responding to bad news
That’s great/fantastic/wonderful news! What great/splendid/wonderful news! Congratulations	That’s awful/terrible! I’m so sorry to hear that. You poor thing! What hard luck!

DEFINING

The gender gap refers to the differences between men and women.

The gender gap is referred to as being the differences between men and women.

By gender gap we mean the differences between men and women.

The gender gap is the differences between men and women.

CONTRAST and CONCESSION

Brain drain may favour the spread of knowledge, but / however / yet / nevertheless it empties poor countries of their elites.

Although brain drain favours the spread of knowledge, it empties poor countries of their elites.

Despite / In spite of favouring the spread of knowledge, it empties poor countries of their elites.

                                                   CAUSE and EFFECT

As/Because/Since laughter is contagious, it binds people together.

Because of / Owing to / Due to its contagiousness, laughter binds people together.

Laughter is contagious. Therefore / So / Thus / Consequently / Because of this / As a result, it binds people together.

The contagiousness of laughter results in / leads to / causes / is the cause of binding people together.

EXPRESSING PURPOSE

We left early so as to / in order to / to avoid traffic jams?

She gave up fatty food so as not to / in order not to put on weight.

The parents work hard so that / in order that their children live a better life.

She did her best so that / in order that his parents would be proud of her.

ADDITION

Educated women have fewer children. And / Moreover / Besides / Also / Furthermore / In addition they bring them up properly.

Educated women not only have fewer children but they bring them up properly too / as well.

Asking for clarification / Expressing misunderstanding:

Excuse me I’m afraid I’m sorry

But

I don’t really don’t understand whet you mean. I’m not sure I understand what you mean. Can you explain more what you are aiming at?

EXPRESSING REGRET

I wish / if only I had exercised more.

I should have exercised more.

EXPRESSING CERTAINTY

I am positive / sure/ certain the depression will continue.

There is no doubt the depression will continue.

The depression will certainly / undoubtedly / surely continue.