Lesson 5: Modals
MODALS
Form: modal verb + main verb
modal verb + have + past participle
MODALS | FUNCTIONS | EXAMPLES |
must | Obligation (pr. fut.) | Muslims must pray five times a day. |
Certainty (pr) | He has a big car; he must be rich. | |
must have | Certainty (past) | He is late; his car must have broken down. |
mustn’t | Prohibition (pres) | You mustn’t use your phone in class. |
have to | Obligation (pr; past) | Citizens have to abide by the laws of their country. |
had to | Obligation (past) | He had to overwork as all his colleagues were on vacation. |
don’t have to | No obligation (pr) | It isn’t far; she doesn’t have to take a taxi. |
didn’t have to | No obligation (past | He didn’t have to explain again as the lesson was too easy. |
can | Ability (pr. fut) | My brother can jump two metres. |
Permission (pr. fut) | You can use a calculator during the test. | |
Possibility (pr. fut) | Take your umbrella, it can rain later. | |
can’t | Inability (pr) | I can’t see very well in this fog. |
Prohibition (pr) | Muslims can’t eat ham. | |
Impossibility (pr) | She’s too old; she can’t be pregnant. | |
can have | Possibility (past) | I can have seen him, but I forgot. |
can’t have | Impossibility (past) | She’s too smart; she can’t have made such a mistake. |
could | Ability (past) | We couldn’t buy it as we didn’t have enough money. |
Possibility (pr) | I’m not sure, but she could be at work now. | |
could have | Possibility (past) | You could have had an accident last night but thank God. |
may | Possibility (pr. fut) | I don’t know but the train may come late. |
Permission (pr) | May I use your telephone please? | |
may have | Possibility (past) | She may have missed the bus. That’s why she’s absent. |
might | Possibility (pr) | I don’t know but the train may come late. |
might have | Possibility (past) | You could have had an accident last night but thank God. |
should | Advice (pr. fut) | Mothers should breastfeed their babies. |
Probability (pr) | They departed early; they should be at home now. | |
should have | Regret (past) | You should have bought a new car, not a second-hand one. |
needn’t | No obligation (pr) | I needn’t tell him; he already knows. |
needn’t have | No obligation (past) | You needn’t have bought so much food; the guests are few. |
Supply the correct modal verb and put the main verb in the correct form
1- Oh, she’s so rich; she _________________________ (work).
2- You _____________________ (hit) your baby brother. That’s horrible behaviour!
3- You _______________________ (book) a hotel room. November isn’t a busy month.
4- I ___________________________ (see) a doctor earlier; my illness has worsened.
5- Look at that sign; we __________________________ (walk) on the grass.
6- The cinema is crowded; the film ________________________ (be) good.
7- You _______________________ (look) up every word you don’t understand.
8- We __________________________ (tell) her about the accident; she broke down.
9- Ali isn’t at home; he _______________________ (go) out.
10- I haven’t decided yet but I ________________ (travel) to Tangiers next holiday.
11- I ________________________ (read); it’s too dark.
12- You ______________________ (take) off your shoes before you enter the mosque.
13- They _____________________ (win) the match if the referee had been fair.
14- You ______________________ (watch) TV after you do your homework.
15- All his clothes are wet; he _______________________ (walk) under the rain.
16- Hassan has caught the flu. He ______________________ (take) a cold shower.
17- My sight is decreasing, I ___________________________ (change) my glasses.
Well, yes, you _______________________ (change) them a long time ago.
18- You ___________________________ (continue) the treatment, you have recovered now.
See you soon for the key to the exercise. Study hard. J-33
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RépondreSupprimeru have saved my life. concise, precise, to the point. I will teach modals tomorrow and this is so helpful. Keep it up
RépondreSupprimerwell done
RépondreSupprimerThank you very much. I have used your delailed list today.
RépondreSupprimerthanks a million
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